[ 𥑓 ]





- -

:


 .
.
" "
().
쐢

(). 𤐢 ().
. 줗 () ""

. ""

󑡢 .
" ()𤐢 - ꑟ
.  "

ᑮ
. (-)
엨 엨

 .


. ꤨ


()


. 엨
- ᑮ
- 拉
.
꤬
: 邏
().
𤐢
(authoritarian)
(political counter-culture) ꢑ
().

. 
()


().
(). 

" " " "
().
 .
. 餬
().

.

.


.
(- - - )
.
(). "" ""


- .

믑 .
 

().

.


()


" "
퐤 .(social category)
ꤟ - 쓯 
.
𤐢 ().

:
; ;
.

.
 

 .
().

엨
().

.

 (

 (). 
줗
.
(). " " "엤 "

䑪 ()
.
(): 
(- )
.
- .
( )
듯 .
. /
믑 (). -

. .
-
/ - .
. / .

().
. 拉
.
- .
(). /

(

엤
.
򡐢
:
.
().

"
듑 ()". 痪 쟗


.
.
" "
.


"" .

.
夑
.
(). 夑
:
()
;
;
;  ;

;
.
쓯
쓯
(). 

.

(- ) .
/ ( - /
/
.
( )
().

:
 痪
萤

 ().
.
:
;됤

;

餬
;
; 
().


䣐 .
" " 󡐢
 "󐤓" " "
().
ᑮ
 .

().
𢪤𗨢
().  ( ) " "
𢤨
ꐥ
().


. -
. 餬
餬
.


. ⓗ

().

)
.(듑 ) (듑
().

" " " 拉
" " "" "
().

().  鐢 쟗
ⓑ 
.
줓
.


 .
엨 㓯
 .

-
.

ꗨ  
.

) 
( 񟐤
().
񎑨 鑬
.

.  


.

 ()


)   .
 (
( )
" " ""
. - -
󐒥

. " "
. 𗨢 () 쐢
.


. ꬗
) 
. (
 (  )
餬 ()
󑡢 " "
鐢 .
𥑓
.


- ꬗ .
.

"" .
().
(). "" ""
(- )
.

 " "
. " "

򗡐 .
.


. 

:

ꐥ ().
. -
ᑮ 㓯
" "
󐢓 .
.

.


. 𤐢 
"
" " . "  "  "

.
" .
. "
򗎐 ⮐
" "
. 򗎐 ⮐
𤐢
.
" 𤐢 
(). " " "󐒥 " "
" - 
鐢
(). "
(  )
.
) 
(
- 񡐢 -
󐤓 ⮐ .
.

.
.

" .
吤
.

..." .

.
()".
𤐢 -
 .
 ().
. 𤐢
""

.


󐢓 .
 " "

:

...
..."
().
 ( ꨐ)

鐤 " :


()".

;
()"; " "
 줓
.

: - ()

.

.
𗡨
.
𗨢

. -
.
ꨐ )
- (
 .
㓯
().
.

ᑮ
.

.

; ( ; ( :
. (reference group) ⛤ (
. ⯑
꤯
 .
(). ( )
㛤
.

⯑
().
⛤ /
().
񡐢


(). 
.

().

().
. 
" :
" " "
." 夑 "
" " "  򗎐
( ) (). "

) " " (""  ) " "
.  (

()
" " ()

.
) ꤬ " "
()" " (
.

:
쓯 (

. ""

. ()" "

().
(
.
.
" " 

.
𤐢 (

.
쓑
().
 (
().


 .
( ) ()
" .
꬗ "
"" . 
. 


 𤐢 .
()

㓗
"" .
( 𗨢 쐢 ) 
 
.

()


().

엨
().


.
ᑮ
:



.
⮐


.
:

򨐒 (


 . 鐢 쟗
" " "" "葯 "
" " "񐤓" " "
󡐢 ""
ᑮ .

줗 . 鐤
食 됤
()
 ꗨ

 .
:

. ꤑ

 (

.
"" 쟗
ꑟ

食 ().
쑓 㮗
""
().

񐤓 (

:
( )
񡐢 . 񎑨
().

().

(
󐢓
 뢑 󐢓
.

.
. 䑪

(
. 
" "

(Fax) 𗨢 ().
䑪
.

엨
 .

 .
𤐢
㓯
.



. 쐤 ꗨ

. " "


.
㓐

.

엪 򗡐 .
. " "


.
. ꐢ (secular)() 㮐




.
. 𤐢
쐢
.


. 


.
䤓
.
鐢 
鐢  .
 (). 鐢
ꑟ
⯑ 㮐
쟗
.

.
. 𥑨 
㓯
򑨢 ꑟ . 
. 


.

. 𤐢


⮐
" "
().
) 
. ( ꤯) (

( ) 뢬
().
  ⮐


.
.

:

. 㓐

. 𤢤
𗨢
ꐢ ⮐ 𢪤𗨢
 
.
.
𗨢 𤐢


.
.


 ; / .
; 믑
; 
;
.
:
拉
⯑ ꨐ
; 엨
ꑟ 
"" ""
" " ;

().



. .. 

-------------------------
:
: . . .
: . . . ( )
: ( )
( )
.
( ) .
. 𤓡 ( )
". " .
.
" : . . .
. " 
.
. ꗨ
. 𤐢
 .
쓯
.
: . .
Roberta Garner, Can+++mparary Movements and Ideologies, New
York, 1996.

: . .
John Foran (editor), A Contory of Revolution: Social Movements in
Iran, Minneapolis, 1994; Misagh Paraa, Social Origins of the Iranian
Revolution, New Brunswick & London, 1989.
Sossan Siavoshi, Liberral Nationalism in Iran, Boulder 1990.
: . .
Jonmalof Iranian Resench and Anetysis, Vol. 15, No. 2 November 1999.
: . . .
Gerard De Grool (ed.), Studenr Protest: The Sirbies and Aftea. London,
1998. P. 4.
(Subcultare) .
.
"  .
: . . . "

.
. . .
: . . .
Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Too Revolutions, Princeton, 1982, p.
155.
( ) " " . . . .
.
. . .
" : . . .
. "
: . .

) " " 믑 ;
.(
. 믑 : . . .
: . . .
Michal Lowy, Geory Lukacs, From Romanticison to Bolshevism NLB,
London, 1979, pp. 15-22.
.
De Grool, op, cit : . . ꤪ
.
: . . 엨
John Kautsky (ed.), Political Change in Uaderdeveloped Countries, New.
York, 1976.
: . . .
...
: ꐤ
.
 : . . .
. .
" " : .
.
.
.
. .
: . . .
: : . . .
Ali-Akbar Mahdi, The student Movement in Islamic Republic in Journal
of Iranian Research and Anafysis, op. cit. pp. ??????
. . .
: . . .
" "
. ;
" " .
.
" " .
쐢 .
򐖛 : . . .
.
: . . .
" 鐢 "
.
Mahdi, op. cit. : . . .
. .
򐖛 : . . 䑪 .
. .
( ) " " .
.
. .
" " : . . .
.
" " .
.
. .  .
. 򐖛 . :
.
 ( ) :
𗨢 ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
() () ( ꨐ)
( )
( ) ꗨ
() : . .
.
. " " 򯬐 .

.
.
: . . .
.
Roberta Gamer, op. : . . " " .
cit.
: . . .
Dong Mc Adan, Political Process and the Development of Black
Instargency, Chicago, 1982.
: . . .
Behrooz Chamari-Tabrizi, "Betweea the Shah and the Imam" in de Groo
op. cit.
: . . "  "  .

. .
" " .
. .
. .
" " 쑓 󐢑 .
. .
. . .
. . .
. . " " .
. . .
"+++" " " 󐢓 .
.
. " ; " .
. " " 笐 .
.
𤥓 " .
() ꨐ
( ) . 
: 퓑 ".
. .
. 퓑 .
󐢓 "( ) " .
. . :
. . " " .
" " .
.
" " : . . .
. . ( )
.
: 쟗


. ()
Ali-Akbar Mahdi, op. cit. : . . .
: . . " " .
Doug Mc Adam, et, al,. (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social
Movement, Cambridge, UK, 1996, part one.
) " " .
(𤐢
 .
.
: . . .
Sidney Tonow, "Stakes and Opportumities", in Comparative Perspectives
on Social Movement, op. cit. pp. 41-61.
ꐢ 줗 .
() .

.
.
: . . .
Donatelia Deliaporta, Social Movements and the State, "Comparative
Perspoctives on Social Movement op. cit. pp. 62-92.
) : . . .
(
. . ( )
(political culure) .


. .
" " ( ) : .
. .
.
: . .
Hank Johnston et, a. (eds.), Social Movements and Calwe, Minneapolis,
1995.
.
Ց " "
. " " 拉
. : . . .
ꗨ "" .
𤥓 " " 뢬
.
" " .
. 󡐢
. ( ) : . .
.
 .
ᑮ " "
.
.
. . 쪓
" 󐤓" : .
. .
 .
.
"
"
. " "
Garner, op. cit. pp. 371-373 : . . .
" " : . . .
.
.
; ; :
; ;
. ;
" ; " .
.